Canine gastrointestinal pythiosis: a case report in Brazilian Pantanal from a diagnostic approach / Pitiose gastrointestinal canina: relato de caso no Pantanal brasileiro a partir de uma abordagem diagnóstica

Pythiosis is caused by an aquatic fungus-like organism (Pythium insidiosum). It is considered an important public health issue as it can affect both animals and humans. This paper reports a case of gastrointestinal pythiosis in a dog. The patient was hospitalized for four days, during which the animal received supportive and symptomatic treatment. But the applied treatment was unsuccessful and the dog's clinical condition worsened, culminating in death. Complementary imaging tests such as radiography and ultrasonography, as well as hematological tests, were performed during the hospitalization period. The definitive diagnosis was reached in the postmortem as macroscopic and microscopic characteristics suggested the presence of intestinal granuloma and accentuated multifocal suppurative necrotic enteritis. Additionally, the histological evaluation revealed morphological structures compatible with P. insidiosum. Also, the results of nested PCR performed showed partial amplification (105 bp) of the ITS1 region of the ribosomal gene of P. insidiosum.(AU)

A pitiose é causada por um organismo aquático semelhante a um fungo (Pythium insidiosum) e considerada um importante problema de saúde pública, pois pode afetar animais e humanos. Este artigo relata um caso de pitiose gastrointestinal em um cão. O paciente ficou internado por quatro dias, período em que o animal recebeu tratamento de suporte e sintomático. No entanto, o tratamento aplicado não teve sucesso e o quadro clínico do cão piorou, culminando com a morte. Exames de imagem complementares, como radiografia e ultrassonografia, bem como exames hematológicos, foram realizados durante o período de internação. O diagnóstico definitivo foi feito na autópsia, pois as características macroscópicas e microscópicas sugeriam a presença de granuloma intestinal e acentuada enterite necrótica multifocal supurativa. Além disso, a avaliação histológica revelou estruturas morfológicas compatíveis com P. insidiosum. Além disso, a nested PCR foi realizada e mostrou amplificação parcial (105 pb) da região ITS1 do gene ribossomal de P. insidiosum.(AU)

Parasites in road-killed wild felines from North of Paraná state, Brazil / Parasitas em felinos selvagens mortos em estradas do norte do estado do Paraná, Brasil

Abstract This study aimed to identify the intestinal parasites of road-killed wild felines in the North Central and North, Paraná state, southern Brazil. The animals were monitored by sampling previously established transects. The places where the felines were run over were mapped, the animals were identified, and the gastrointestinal tract was evaluated. The feces were submitted to coproparasitological techniques of spontaneous sedimentation, floating in hypersaturated NaCl solution and centrifugal floating in zinc sulfate. All the parasitic structures detected were photomicrographed. In the coproparasitological analyses were identified oocysts of Cystoisospora spp., eggs of Ancylostomatidae, and Capillaria spp.; eggs of Aelurostrongylus spp., Toxocara spp., Physaloptera spp., Taenia spp., and Spirometra spp.; Aelurostrongylus abstrusus larvae; and eggs and adults of Ancylostoma cati and Taenia spp. One of the cats was parasitized by a flea of Ctenocephalides felis felis. Based on these results, the animals analyzed in this study supplied important samples for the evaluation of parasitic diversity of North of Paraná and suggested that this region may have conditions that allow the maintenance of these parasites life cycles in the environment and among wildlife.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar os parasitas intestinais de felinos silvestres mortos em estradas nas regiões Norte Central e Norte, Paraná, sul do Brasil. Os animais foram monitorados por amostragem de transectos previamente estabelecidos. Os locais de atropelamento foram mapeados, os animais foram identificados e enviados para autópsias, durante as quais amostras de fezes foram coletadas e submetidas a técnicas coproparasitológicas de sedimentação espontânea, flutuação em solução hipersaturada de NaCl e flutuação por centrífugação em sulfato de zinco e fotografadas, quando estruturas parasitárias estavam presentes. Nas análises coproparasitológicas, foram identificados oocistos de Cystoisospora spp., ovos de Ancylostomatidae e Capillaria spp, Aelurostrongylus spp., Toxocara spp., Physaloptera spp., Taenia spp. e Spirometra spp.; larvas de Aelurostrongylus abstrusus; e ovos e adultos de Ancylostoma cati e Taenia spp. Um dos felídeos estava parasitado por Ctenocephalides felis felis. Com base nesses resultados, os animais analisados neste estudo forneceram amostras importantes para a avaliação da diversidade parasitária do Norte do Paraná e sugeriram que esta região pode apresentar condições que possibilitem a manutenção dos ciclos de vida desses parasitas no ambiente e entre a vida silvestre.

Prevalencia de parásitos intestinales en muestras de pacientes atendidos en el Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan", Argentina, 2018-2019 / Prevalence of intestinal parasites in samples of patients attending the Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan", Argentina, 2018-2019 / Prevalência de parasitas intestinais em amostras de pacientes atendidos no Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan", Argentina, 2018-2019

Resumen Se evaluaron retrospectivamente los resultados obtenidos de estudios parasitológicos en muestras de heces y escobillados anales remitidos al Laboratorio de Parasitología y Gastroenterología del Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan" de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. El objetivo del trabajo fue conocer la prevalencia de los parásitos intestinales observados en las muestras remitidas a este hospital y su distribución en rangos etarios. En el período comprendido entre mayo de 2018 y abril de 2019 se analizó un total de 4713 muestras pertenecientes a 3311 pacientes, que arrojó un resultado total de 29% de positivos (1371/4713). De los exámenes coproparasitológicos el 30% fueron positivos (1193/4025) y se hallaron huevos de Enterobius vermicularis en el 26% (178/688) de los escobillados anales. En las muestras seriadas de heces se obtuvo un 37% de positividad mientras que en muestras únicas un 21%. En la totalidad de muestras fecales, los enteroparásitos más prevalentes fueron Blastocystis spp. en un 14% (579/4025), Giardia duodenalis 11% (456/4025) y Dientamoeba fragilis 7% (291/4025). Los resultados demostraron diferencias significativas con mayor prevalencia de parásitos intestinales en pacientes en edad escolar comprendidos entre los 6 y 10 años, en relación a los de edad preescolar. En las muestras fecales analizadas se evidenció un predominio de parasitismo de protozoos sobre helmintos, por lo que se debería considerar reforzar el diagnóstico de laboratorio de esas especies mediante técnicas, como coloraciones, que posibiliten su hallazgo y confirmación.

Abstract The results obtained of the coproparasitological studies and anal swab submitted to the laboratory of the Parasitology Section of the Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan" of the Buenos Aires City, Argentina, were retrospectively evaluated The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites found on the submitted samples and to evaluate their frequency according to the age of the patients. Within the period between May 2018 and April 2019, a total of 4713 samples corresponding to 3311 patients were analyzed and intestinal parasites were present in 29% (1371/4713). In 30% of coproparasitological studies parasite estructures were found (1193/4025) and 26% of anal swab samples were positive for the presence of Enterobius vermicularis eggs (178/688). In serial fecal samples, 37% positive results were obtained, while in single samples, 21%. The most prevalent enteroparasites calculated from the total fecal samples were: Blastocystis spp. with 14% (579/4025), followed by Giardia duodenalis 11% (456/4025) and Dientamoeba fragilis 7% (291/4025). The incidence of intestinal parasites was higher in the group of patients between 6 and 10 years, and the existence of significant differences between proportions of parasitized patients in preschool and school infants, was observed. In the faecal samples analyzed, a greater prevalence of parasitism caused by protozoa than by helminths was evidenced, for which reason it should be considered, reinforcing the laboratory diagnosis using techniques such as stains that allow its finding and confirmation.

Resumo Os resultados obtidos de estudos parasitológicos em amostras fecais e esfregaços anais enviados ao Laboratório de Parasitologia e Gastroenterologia do Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan" da Cidade de Buenos Aires, Argentina, foram avaliados retrospectivamente. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a prevalência dos parasitas intestinais observados nas amostras enviadas a este hospital e sua distribuição por faixas etárias. Durante o período compreendido entre maio de 2018 a abril de 2019 foram analisadas 4713 amostras, correspondentes a 3311 pacientes, o que deu um resultado total de 29% de positivos (1371/4713). 30% dos exames coproparasitológicos foram positivos (1193/4025) e foram encontrados ovos de Enterobius vermicularis em 26% (178/688) dos esfregaços anais. Nas amostras seriadas fecais foram obtidos 37% de resultados positivos, enquanto que em amostras únicas, 21%. Os enteroparasitas mais prevalentes na totalidade das amostras fecais foram Blastocystis spp. em 14% (579/4025), Giardia duodenalis 11% (456/4025) e Dientamoeba fragilis 7% (291/4025). Os resultados demonstraram diferenças significativas com maior prevalência de parasitas intestinais em pacientes em idade escolar da faixa etária entre 6 e 10 anos, em relação aos da pré-escola. Nas amostras fecais analisadas, evidenciou-se um predomínio de parasitismo por protozoários por sobre helmintos, pelo qual deve ser considerado o reforço do diagnóstico laboratorial dessas espécies por meio de técnicas, como colorações que permitam a sua localização e confirmação.

Prevalence of intestinal parasite infections in stray and farm dogs from Spain / Prevalência de infecções por parasitos intestinais em cães errantes e de fazenda na Espanha

Abstract Dogs play a potential role as reservoirs for zoonotic parasites, being especially problematic uncontrolled dog populations such as stray and farm dogs with access to populated areas. In order to investigate the prevalence of canine intestinal parasites in at-risk dog populations, we tested a total of 233 faecal samples shed by stray and dairy farm dogs from northern Spain. Telemann method was used to detect the presence of eggs and (oo)cysts of common dog intestinal parasites and Cryptosporidium was detected by PCR. One hundred and forty eight out of 233 samples (63.5%) were positive for at least one intestinal parasite, being Ancylostomidae (35.6%; 83/233) and Trichuris (35.2%; 82/233) the parasites most frequently identified. Cryptosporidium DNA was not detected in any of the faecal samples analysed. The overall prevalence was significantly higher in stray dogs than in farm dogs (72.5% vs 58.8%). Specifically, stray dogs had a significantly higher prevalence of Ancylostomatidae, Toxocara, Toxascaris and Taenidae. These dog populations are an important source of environmental contamination with intestinal parasite forms, which could be of significance to animal and human health.

Resumo Os cães desempenham um importante papel como reservatório de parasitos zoonóticos, sendo especialmente problemáticas as populações descontroladas, como a de cães errantes e de fazenda, com acesso às áreas povoadas. Para investigar a prevalência de parasitos intestinais em populações caninas de risco, foram analisadas 233 amostras fecais provenientes de cães de fazendas leiteiras e errantes do norte da Espanha. O método Telemann foi utilizado para detectar ovos, cistos e oocistos dos parasitos caninos mais comuns e para a detecção de Cryptosporidium foi utilizada a técnica da PCR. Cento e quarenta e oito de 233 amostras analisadas (63,5%) foram positivas para pelo menos um parasito intestinal, sendo Ancyostomatidae (35,6%; 83/233) e Trichuris sp. (35,2%; 82/233) os parasitos identificados com maior frequência. O DNA de Cryptosporidium sp. não foi detectado em nenhuma das amostras fecais analisadas. A prevalência geral foi significativamente maior em cães errantes do que em cães de fazenda (72,5% vs 58,8%). Especificamente, os cães errantes tiveram prevalência maior para Ancylostomatidae, Toxocara, Toxascaris e Taenidae. Essas populações de cães são importantes fontes de contaminação ambiental, pois eliminam formas de vida desses parasitos, que podem ter impacto na saúde animal e humana.

External and intestinal parasites of the Austral thrush Turdus falcklandii (Aves, Turdidae) in central Chile / Parasitas externos e intestinais do tordo-austral Turdus falcklandii (Aves, Podicipedidae) no Chile

Abstract A total of thirty Austral thrushes Turdus falcklandii Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 (Turdidae) carcasses were brought to the Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, to be examined for ecto- and endoparasites. Ectoparasites were found on 20% (6/30) of the thrushes and belonged to species Brueelia magellanica Cichino, 1986 (Phthiraptera), Menacanthus eurysternus Burmeister, 1838 (Phthiraptera) and Tyrannidectes falcklandicus Mironov & González-Acuña, 2011 (Acari). Endoparasites were isolated from 26.6% (8/30) of the birds and identified as Lueheia inscripta Westrumb, 1821 (Acanthocephala), Plagiorhynchus cylindraceus Goeze, 1782 (Acanthocephala), Wardium sp. sensu Mayhew, 1925 (Cestoda), Dilepis undula (Cestoda) Schrank, 1788, and Zonorchis sp. (sensu Travassos, 1944) (Trematoda). To our knowledge, all endoparasites collected in this study are new records in T. falcklandii and expand their distributional range to Chile.

Resumo Um total de trinta carcaças do tordo-austral Turdus falcklandii Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 (Turdidae) foi encaminhado ao Departamento de Ciência Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, para ser examinado quanto a presença de parasitas externos e internos. Parasitas externos foram encontrados em 20% (6/30) dos tordos inspecionados e identificados como Brueelia magellanica Cichino, 1986 (Phthiraptera), Menacanthus eurysternus Burmeister, 1838 (Phthiraptera), e Tyrannidectes falcklandicus Mironov & González-Acuña, 2011 (Acari). Parasitas internos foram identificados em 26,6% (8/30) dos espécimes examinados como Lueheia inscripta Westrumb, 1821 (Acanthocephala), Plagiorhynchus cylindraceus Goeze, 1782 (Acanthocephala), Wardium sp. sensu Mayhew, 1925 (Cestoda), Dilepis undula sensu Schrank, 1788 (Cestoda) e Zonorchis sp. (sensu Travassos, 1944) (Trematoda). Tanto quanto é do nosso conhecimento, todos os parasitas internos coletados neste estudo pertencem a novos registros em T. falcklandii e com expansão de sua distribuição para o Chile.

Children from a rural region in The Chiapas Highlands, Mexico, show an increased risk of stunting and intestinal parasitoses when compared with urban children / Alto riesgo de desmedro y parasitosis intestinal en niños de una región rural de los Altos de Chiapas, México, en comparación con niños de una región urbana

Abstract Background: The state of Chiapas has held the first place of extreme poverty in Mexico. The majority of Chiapas' municipalities are inhabited by marginalized, indigenous populations, who usually present diarrhea of unknown etiology. We evaluated the nutritional status, intestinal parasites, and common bacterial pathogens, including DEC (diarrheagenic Escherichia coli) strains, in 178 children under five years of age with a high (rural) and a moderate (urban) degree of marginalization. Methods: Z-scores for anthropometric indexes from the children were obtained, whereas intestinal parasites were investigated by using a direct coproparasitoscopic analysis and a concentration method. DEC strains were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: The stunting prevalence in children from the rural and urban regions was 79.8 and 7.5%, respectively. Only children from rural municipalities were parasitized (72.6%), being Ascaris lumbricoides and Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar the most prevalent parasites (57.1 and 38.1%, respectively). More than half of the children presented moderated ascariasis. Besides Giardia intestinalis, these parasites were associated with stunting. The prevalence of DEC strains was similar in both regions. Conclusions: Only children from the Chiapas Highlands (rural zone) exhibited high prevalences of stunting and intestinal parasites. A reevaluation of social development programs should be in place to address stunting and intestinal parasitoses, mainly in rural regions of Chiapas, to avoid adverse functional consequences on these children.

Resumen Introducción: El estado de Chiapas ha ostentado el primer lugar de pobreza extrema en México. La mayor parte de la población de los municipios de Chiapas es indígena, vive en condiciones de marginación y padece de diarrea de etiología desconocida. Este trabajo evaluó el estado nutricional, la presencia de parásitos intestinales y patógenos bacterianos comunes, además de cepas DEC (Escherichia coli diarreogénica) en 178 niños menores de cinco años, provenientes de una localidad con alto grado de marginación (rural) y de una con moderada marginación (urbana). Métodos: Se obtuvieron los puntajes Z de los índices antropométricos de los niños. Los parásitos intestinales se investigaron con el método coproparasitoscópico directo y un método de concentración. Las cepas DEC se detectaron mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa. Resultados: La prevalencia de desmedro en niños de la zona rural y urbana fue de 79.8 y 7.5%, respectivamente. Únicamente los niños de la zona rural estuvieron parasitados (72.6%), y los más prevalentes fueron Ascaris lumbricoides y Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar (57.1 y 38.1%, respectivamente). Más de la mitad de los infantes exhibieron ascariasis moderada. Estos parásitos, además de Giardia intestinalis, se asociaron con el desmedro. En ambas regiones, la prevalencia de DEC fue similar. Conclusiones: Solo los niños de los Altos de Chiapas (zona rural) exhibieron alta prevalencia de desmedro y parásitos intestinales. Para evitar las consecuencias adversas entre los infantes, es necesario reevaluar los programas de desarrollo social para combatir el desmedro y la parasitosis intestinal, principalmente en las regiones rurales de Chiapas.

Estrongiloidiasis gastrointestinal en paciente inmunocompetente: a propósito de un caso / Gastrointestinal strongyloidosis in an immunocompetent patient: a case report

Intestinal parasitic infections cause a not insignificant number of chronic diarrhea in children, however, with the sociodemographic change that our country has experienced, the number of cases and new parasites (immigration from tropical endemic areas) could increase. We report the case of an immunocompetent patient who presents with chronic diarrhea associated with Strongyloides stercoralis infection. The patient migrated two years ago from an endemic area for this helminth. The diagnosis is challenging, and the chances of a successful outcome depend on the administration of the antiparasitic.

Las infecciones parasitarias intestinales provocan un número no despreciable de causas de diarrea crónica en niños, sin embargo, con el cambio sociodemográfico que ha vivido nuestro país se podría incrementar el número de casos y de nuevos parásitos (inmigración de áreas endémicas tropicales). Reportamos el caso de un paciente inmunocompetente, que presenta cuadro de diarrea crónica asociada a infección por Strongyloides stercoralis. El paciente habría migrado hace dos años desde zona endémica para este helminto. El diagnóstico es desafiante y las posibilidades de un resultado exitoso dependen de la administración del antiparasitario.

Gastrointestinal and ectoparasites of plumbeous rail, Pardirallus sanguinolentus (Aves: Rallidae) in Central Chile / Gastrointestinais e ectoparasitas do saracura-do-banhado, Pardirallus sanguinolentus (Aves: Rallidae) do Chile central

Abstract With the aim to identify the parasite fauna of plumbeous rail, Pardirallus sanguinolentus (Aves: Rallidae) in Chile, 26 carcasses were parasitologically necropsied. The present study revealed the presence of 14 species of parasites (inverse Simpson index = 4.64; evenness = 0.332), including ectoparasites: feather mites: Analloptes megnini , Grallobia sp., Grallolichus sp., Megniniella sp., and Metanalges sp.; the feather lice Pseudomenopon meinertzhageni, Rallicola andinus, and Fulicoffula sp.; and six species of gastrointestinal helminths: Heterakis psophiae, Porrocaecum ardeae, Tetrameres sp., Capillaria sp., Diorchis sp., and Plagiorhynchus sp. The relatively high parasite richness that was found could be attributed to the highly favorable conditions of wetlands for parasite development. All parasites found, except feather lice, are new records for plumbeous rail. A checklist of parasites for plumbeous rail is presented.

Resumo Com o objetivo de identificar a fauna parasitária do saracura-do-banhado, Pardirallus sanguinolentus (Aves: Rallidae) no Chile, 26 carcaças foram necropsiadas. O presente estudo revelou a presença de 14 espécies de parasitos (índice Simpson inverso = 4,64; equitatividade = 0,332), incluindo os ácaros de penas: Analloptes megnini, Grallobia sp., Grallolichus sp., Megniniella sp. e Metanalges sp.; os piolhos de penas Pseudomenopon meinertzhageni, Rallicola andinus e Fulicoffula sp.; e seis espécies de helmintos gastrointestinais: Heterakis psophiae, Porrocaecum ardeae, Tetrameres sp., Capillaria sp., Diorchis sp. e Plagiorhynchus sp. A riqueza parasitária relativa encontrada pode ser devido às condições altamente favoráveis das zonas úmidas para o desenvolvimento do parasita. Todos os parasitos encontrados, com exceção dos piolhos de pena, são novos registros para o saracura-do-banhado. Um checklist dos parasitos do saracura-do-banhado é apresentado.

Prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica and other enteral parasitic diseases in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. A cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Enteral parasitic diseases are a public health problem in nations with low economic development and in settings with poor sanitation. Amebiasis is the second most frequent form of parasitosis, with a high burden of disease. Knowledge of the prevalence of enteroparasitoses in a given region is useful for planning clinical decision-making. Thus, the aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of enteral parasitic diseases, especially amebiasis, through analysis on stool samples from public and private laboratories in a metropolitan area in southeastern Brazil. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study conducted in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. METHODS: We evaluated 6,289 fecal samples from one private and one public laboratory. The samples were concentrated by means of spontaneous sedimentation, and those that were positive for Entamoeba histolytica or Entamoeba dispar in optical microscopy analyses were processed to obtain deoxyribonucleic acid, with subsequent identification through the polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Among the stool samples, 942 (15.0%) had parasitic infections; 73 (1.2%) of these were helminthic infections and 847 (13.5%) were protozoan infections, caused mainly by Escherichia coli (6.0%), Endolimax nana (5.2%) and Giardia lamblia (1.2%). Infections due to Entamoeba histolytica or Entamoeba dispar occurred in 36 samples (0.6%) and the polymerase chain reaction revealed five (13.9%) as Entamoeba histolytica. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of enteral parasitic diseases is high in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte, although amebiasis may not be a problem.

Parasitic profile of traction equids in the semi-arid climate of Paraíba State, Northeastern, Brazil / Perfil parasitário de equídeos de tração em clima semiárido do Estado da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the parasitological profiles of traction equids from the semi-arid climate of Paraíba (PB) State. We analyzed 96 equids that performed traction work, with no defined breed, males and females, and all older than 24 months. Among the analyzed animals, 51% were donkeys, 41.7% mules, and 7.3% horses. Fecal material and blood were collected for parasitological examination and to determine the packed cell volume (PCV), respectively. The samples were sent to the Veterinary Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary Hospital - IFPB, Sousa-PB campus, and epidemiological questionnaires were provided to the owners. It was observed that 83.3% of equids tested positive for gastrointestinal parasites. Strongylidae was the most prevalent parasite (83.3%), followed by Giardia sp. (5.3%), and Eimeria sp. (2.1%). The mean eggs per gram (EPG) value of the fecal samples was 1143. Fecal analysis revealed that 78.9% of the larvae were from "small strongyles". The presence of ectoparasites was not observed in the studied animals. The answers to our questionnaire revealed that 69.8% of the animals had never been dewormed and that the remaining 31.2% had only been dewormed once. We concluded that the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites among traction equids in the municipality of Sousa-PB is high.

Resumo Objetivou-se determinar o perfil parasitológico de equídeos carroceiros no município de Sousa, Sertão da Paraíba. Foram analisados 96 equídeos que realizavam trabalho de tração, sem raça definida, machos e fêmeas, idade superior a 24 meses. Dentre os animais analisados 51% foram asininos, 41,7% muares e 7,3% equinos. Foi coletado material fecal para exames coproparasitológicos e sanguíneo para determinação do volume globular (VG), encaminhados ao Laboratório de Parasitologia Veterinária, Hospital Veterinário - IFPB, campus Sousa-PB. Foi aplicado questionários epidemiológicos aos proprietários. Observou-se que 83,3% dos equídeos carroceiros foram positivos nos exames parasitológicos fecais. Os Estrongilídeos foram os parasitos mais prevalentes (83,3%), seguidos por Giardia sp. (5,3%). e Eimeria sp. (2,1%). A média de OPG dos equídeos carroceiros foi 1143. Nas coproculturas, constatou-se que 78,9% das larvas eram de "pequenos estrôngilos". Não foi observada a presença de ectoparasitas. Em 69,8% dos animais nunca haviam sido vermifugados e os demais 31,2% apenas uma vez. Concluiu-se que é alta a prevalência de parasitos gastrintestinais em equídeos carroceiros do município de Sousa-PB.

Estado nutricional-hematológico y parasitosis intestinal de niños escolares de 5 a 12 años de cuatro localidades rurales de Paraguay / Nutritional-hematological status and intestinal parasitosis of school children aged 5 to 12 years in four rural localities of Paraguay

El mundo, actualmente se enfrenta a una doble carga de malnutrición que incluye la desnutrición y la alimentación excesiva. A ello se suman las parasitosis intestinales que es una enfermedad frecuente con importante morbimortalidad en la población infantil, ligadas a la pobreza y malas condiciones higiénico-sanitarias. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir el estado nutricional-hematológico y parasitológico de niños escolares de cuatro comunidades rurales de Paraguay. Estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transverso en el que participaron 102 niños de ambos sexos de 5 a 12 años de edad. Se realizó medición de peso y talla, utilizando balanza calibrada, y un altímetro fijado a la pared. Toma de muestra sanguínea por punción venosa para determinación de parámetros hematológicos, procesados en contador hematológico por impedancia. Muestras de heces de una sola toma fueron recogidas en frascos apropiados con formol al 10%, utilizándose 4 métodos: directo, flotación de Willis, Graham y de concentración. En relación al estado nutricional-hematológico se encontró que el 3,9% de los niños estaba con desnutrición moderada y el 9,8% presentó riesgo de desnutrición; anemia se observó en el 38,2% de los niños. En relación a la parasitosis, el estudio diagnóstico se realizó a 94 niños y se encontró que el 72,2% estaba parasitado, siendo Blastocystis hominis el más frecuente. Tanto la frecuencia de anemia como de parasitosis es alta en esta población, sin embargo no se pudo establecer una relación entre ellas(AU)

Occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in wild animals in State of Paraná, Brazil

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and diversity of gastrointestinal parasites in fecal samples from wild birds and mammals from the State of Paraná. In total, 220 stool samples were sent to Parasitic Diseases Laboratory of the Federal University of Paraná during 13 months (Jan/2013-Jan/2014). A total of 52.7% (116/220) of the animals were positive for cysts, oocysts, eggs and/or trophozoites. In birds, the positivity rate was 37.9% (25/66) and mammals was 59.1% (91/154). Strongyloidea superfamily eggs were observed in 37.3% (82/220) of the samples, Eimeria spp. in 10% (22/220), and Trichuris spp. in 4.5% (10/220). The most frequent mammal species were llamas (Lama glama), and dromedaries (Camelus bactrianus) with infection rate of 70.1% (54/77) and 60.8% (14/23), respectively. In other hand, cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) and ring necks (Psittacula krameri), were the most researched birds, with infection rate of 20% (40/50) and 100% (6/6), respectively. A high prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was observed in most of wildlife animals. Further investigations should be conducted focusing on parasite control strategies and the conservation measurements for harmonizing the human-animal interaction on the long-term, reducing associated health risks.

Prevalence of and risk factors for intestinal parasite infections in pediatric patients admitted to public hospitals in Southern Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis and to identify risk factors associated therewith in hospitalized children. METHODS: Three fecal samples from each patient were evaluated using three different techniques. The patients' nutritional and socioeconomic status and hematologic profiles were evaluated. RESULTS: Of 106 children, 32.1% tested positive for intestinal parasitosis. The associated risk factors were low parental education levels and children's nail-biting habit. Eosinophilia, observed in 15 cases, was not associated with parasitosis. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend routine fecal parasitologic examination for hospitalized children and implementation of educational campaigns on the prevention of these diseases.

Anemia crónica grave por Ancylostoma duodenale en Ecuador: diagnóstico por duodenoscopia / Chronic and severe anemia caused by Ancylostoma duodenale in Ecuador: diagnosis by duodenoscopy

Resumen Durante 11 años un varón de 38 años de edad, residente en una región subtropical de Ecuador, había sido diagnosticado de anemia crónica y tratado con transfusiones de sangre en un hospital de la provincia de Cotopaxi, Ecuador. Fue transferido a Quito por una anemia grave, con hemoglobina de 4 g/dL. Se realizó una duodenoscopia en que se observaron nemátodos adultos, identificados posteriormente como Ancylostoma duodenale. El paciente fue tratado exitosamente con albendazol durante cinco días consecutivos y transfusiones de sangre. En el seguimiento a los ocho meses, no se encontró anemia ni huevos de anquilostomas en el examen de heces.

For 11 years, a 38-year-old male residing in a subtropical region of Ecuador, was repeatedly diagnosed with chronic anemia, and treated with blood transfusions in a hospital of province of Cotopaxi, Ecuador. He was transferred to Quito for severe anemia, having hemoglobin of 4 g/dL. Duodenoscopy was performed and adult nematodes, identified later as Ancylostoma duodenale, were observed. The patient was successfully treated with albendazole for five consecutive days and given blood transfusions. In the control visit at eight months, without anemia and no hookworm ova in the stool examined were found.

External and gastrointestinal parasites of the rufous-collared sparrow Zonotrichia capensis (Passeriformes, Emberizidae) in Chile / Parasitas gastrointestinais e externos do tico-tico Zonotrichia capensis (Passeriformes, Emberizidae) do Chile

Abstract A total of 277 rufous-collared sparrows, Zonotrichia capensis Müller, 1776 (Emberizidae), were examined for external parasites. The birds were captured using mist nets in seven locations in northern and central Chile. Additionally, seven carcasses from central Chile (the Biobío region) were necropsied to evaluate the presence of endoparasite infection. Ectoparasites were found on 35.8% (99/277) of the examined birds and they were represented by the following arthropods: feather mites Amerodectes zonotrichiae Mironov and González-Acuña, 2014 (Analgoidea: Proctophyllodidae), Proctophyllodes polyxenus Atyeo and Braasch, 1966 (Analgoidea: Proctophyllodidae), and Trouessartia capensis Berla, 1959 (Analgoidea: Trouessartiidae); a louse Philopterus sp. (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera); and ticks Amblyomma tigrinum Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae) and Ixodes auritulus Neumann, 1904 (Acari: Ixodidae). Two of the seven necropsied carcasses were infected with the acanthocephalan Mediorhynchus papillosus Van Cleave, 1916 (Gigantorhynchida: Gigantorhynchidae). To our knowledge, this study reports P. polyxenus, Philopterus sp., A. tigrinum, and M. papillosus for the first time for Z. capensis and expands the distributional range for T. capensis to Chile.

Resumo Um total de 277 tico-tico Zonotrichia capensis Müller, 1776 (Emberizidae) foram examinados em busca de ectoparasitos. As aves foram capturadas com redes em sete localidades do norte e centro do Chile. Além disso, sete carcaças do centro Chile (Região de Biobío) foram examinadas para avaliar a infecção por endoparasitos. Ectoparasitos foram encontrados em 35,8% (99/277) das aves examinadas com a identificação dos ácaros Amerodectes zonotrichiae Mironov and González-Acuña, 2014 (Analgoidea: Proctophyllodidae), Proctophyllodes polyxenus Atyeo and Braasch, 1966 (Analgoidea: Proctophyllodidae) e Trouessartia capensis Berla, 1959 (Analgoidea: Trouessartiidae), piolho Philopterus sp. (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) e carrapatos Amblyomma tigrinum Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidea) e Ixodes auritulus Neumann, 1904 (Acari: Ixodidea). Duas das sete carcaças examinadas foram infectadas com o Acantocephala Mediorhynchus papillosus Van Cleave, 1916 (Gigantorhynchida: Gigantorhynchidae). Para o nosso conhecimento, este é o primeiro estudo para descrever P. polyxenus, Philopterus sp., A. tigrinum e M. papillosus em Z. capensis e expande a distribuição de T. capensis ao Chile.

Concordance between the zinc sulphate flotation and centrifugal sedimentation methods for the diagnosis of intestinal parasites / Concordancia entre los métodos de flotación con sulfato de zinc y sedimentación centrífuga para el diagnóstico de parásitos intestinales

Resumen Introduction: The diagnosis of intestinal parasitic infections depends on the parasite load, the specific gravity density of the parasite eggs, oocysts or cysts, and the density and viscosity of flotation or sedimentation medium where faeces are processed. Objective: To evaluate the concordance between zinc sulphate flotation and centrifugal sedimentation in the recovery of parasites in faecal samples of children. Materials and methods: Faecal samples of 330 children from day care centers were evaluated by zinc sulphate flotation and centrifugal sedimentation techniques. The frequencies of detection of parasites by each method were determined and the agreement between the diagnostic techniques was evaluated using the kappa index, with 95% confidence intervals. Results: The faecal flotation in zinc sulphate diagnosed significantly more cases of Trichuris trichiura infection when compared to centrifugal sedimentation (39/330; 11.8% vs. 13/330; 3.9%, p<0.001), with low diagnostic concordance between methods (kappa=0.264; 95% CI: 0.102-0.427). Moreover, all positive samples for Enterobius vermicularis eggs (n=5) and Strongyloides stercoralis larvae (n=3) were diagnosed only by zinc sulphate. No statistical differences were observed between methods for protozoa identification. Conclusions: The results showed that centrifugal flotation in zinc sulphate solution was significantly more likely to detect light helminths eggs such as those of T. trichiura and E. vermicularis in faeces than the centrifugal sedimentation process.

Abstract Introducción. El diagnóstico de infecciones parasitarias intestinales depende de la carga de parásitos, la densidad de la gravedad específica de los huevos, ooquistes o quistes de parásitos, y de la densidad y viscosidad de los reactivos de flotación o sedimentación usados para procesar las heces. Objetivo. Evaluar la concordancia entre el método de flotación de sulfato de zinc y la sedimentación por centrifugación en la recuperación de parásitos en muestras fecales de niños. Materiales y métodos. Se evaluaron las muestras fecales de 330 niños de guarderías mediante las técnicas de flotación con sulfato de zinc y de sedimentación por centrifugación. Se determinó la frecuencia de detección de parásitos con cada método y se evaluó la concordancia entre las técnicas de diagnóstico mediante el índice kappa, con intervalos de confianza del 95 %. Resultados. Mediante la flotación fecal con sulfato de zinc, se diagnosticó un número significativamente mayor de casos de infección por Trichuris trichiura que con la sedimentación por centrifugación (39/330; 11,8 % Vs. 13/330; 3,9 %) (p<0,001), con poco acuerdo entre los métodos (kappa=0,264; IC95% 0,102-0,427). Además, todas las muestras positivas para huevos de Enterobius vermicularis (n=5) y larvas de Strongyloides stercoralis (n=3) se diagnosticaron solamente por sulfato de zinc. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los métodos para la identificación de protozoos. Conclusiones. La flotación centrífuga en una solución de sulfato de zinc presentó una probabilidad significativamente mayor de detectar los huevos livianos de helmintos como T. trichiura y E. vermicularis en heces, que el proceso de sedimentación por centrifugación.

Frequency of gastrointestinal parasites in cats seen at the University of São Paulo Veterinary Hospital, Brazil / Frequência de parasitos gastrintestinais em gatos atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil

Abstract The frequency of gastrointestinal infections in 502 cats seen at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil, between 2005 and 2014, was measured. The samples were analyzed using methods of flotation and sedimentation. The results were compared with those from studies published previously using fecal samples from the same hospital at different times. Associations between the frequency of positivity for each parasite and age, breed, sex, diarrhea and use of anthelmintic were investigated (chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests). A partitioned chi-square test was used to compare different periods. Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp., Cystoisospora spp. and Sarcocystis spp. were the most common parasites, followed by Toxocara cati and Ancylostoma spp. Cryptosporidium spp. presented higher frequency in young cats and Sarcocystis spp. with the presence of diarrhea (p < 0.05). Results from this study with previous periods showed that the frequencies of Cryptosporidium spp., Cystoisospora spp. and T. cati were lower (p < 0.05) than those observed in previous periods. The frequencies of Giardia spp. and Ancylostoma spp. were similar to the results found in the preceding period and lower than the values found for the other periods (p < 0.05). The reasons for these changes should be investigated.

Resumo A frequência de infecções gastrintestinais foi avaliada em 502 gatos atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brasil, entre 2005 e 2014. As amostras foram analisadas utilizando-se os métodos de flutuação e sedimentação. Os resultados foram comparados com os de estudos previamente publicados com amostras de fezes oriundas do mesmo hospital, em momentos diferentes. As associações entre a frequência de positividade para cada parasito e idade, raça, sexo, ocorrência de diarreia e uso de anti-helmínticos foram investigadas (teste de qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher). Um teste de qui-quadrado estratificado foi utilizado para comparar os diferentes períodos (1991-1995; 1996-1999; 2000-2004 e 2005-2014). Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp., Cystoisospora spp. e Sarcocystis spp. foram os parasitos mais comuns parasitos, seguidos por Toxocara cati e Ancylostoma spp. Cryptosporidium spp. apresentou maior frequência em gatos jovens e Sarcocystis spp. em animais com diarreia (p < 0,05). Comparação das frequências obtidas neste estudo com os de períodos anteriores mostrou que as frequências de Cryptosporidium spp., Cystoisospora spp. e T. cati foram menores (p < 0,05) que as observadas nos períodos anteriores. As frequências de Giardia spp. e Ancylostoma spp. foram semelhantes (p > 0,05) aos resultados encontrados no período de 2000 a 2004 e menores do que os valores encontrados para os outros períodos (p <0,05). Os motivos dessas alterações devem ser investigados.

Occurrences of gastrointestinal parasites in fecal samples from domestic dogs in São Paulo, SP, Brazil / Ocorrência de parasitos gastrintestinais em amostras fecais de cães domiciliados em São Paulo, SP, Brasil

Abstract Occurrences of gastrointestinal parasites were assessed in fecal samples from 3,099 dogs in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, SP, that were treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of São Paulo Veterinary School. The samples were analyzed using the flotation and centrifugal sedimentation methods. The results were compared with those from previous studies (at different times). The frequency of each parasite was correlated with the dogs’ ages, breeds and gender, as well as the occurrences of diarrhea and the use of anthelmintics, by means of the chi-square or Fisher exact test. Partitioned chi-square tests were used to compare occurrences of each parasite and the times analyzed. Out of the total number of samples, 20.5% were positive and 16.1% (102/635) of these presented more than one genus of parasites. Ancylostoma spp. (7.1%) and Giardia spp. (5.5%) were the most frequent helminths and protozoa, respectively. Ancylostoma spp. was associated (p<0.05) with age (over one year), mixed breeds, sex (male) and no use of anthelmintics. Dogs under one year and mixed breeds were associated with occurrences of Toxocara canis; and younger dogs with Giardia spp., Cryptosporidium spp. and Cystoisospora spp. Giardia spp. were also associated with dogs with a defined breed (p<0.05). All the parasites analyzed presented lower incidence in the last period analyzed than in the previous periods.

Resumo A ocorrência de parasitos gastrintestinais foi estudada em amostras fecais de 3099 cães, da região metropolitana de São Paulo, SP, tratados no Hospital Veterinário da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de São Paulo. As amostras foram analisadas por métodos de flutuação e centrífugo-sedimentação. Os resultados foram comparados com estudos prévios (diferentes períodos). Associação entre as frequências de cada parasito e idade, raça, sexo, ocorrência de diarreia e uso de anti-helmínticos foram analisadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher. O qui-quadrado estratificado foi utilizado para comparar a ocorrência de cada parasito e os períodos analisados. Do total 20,5% das amostras eram positivas e 16,1% destas (102/635) apresentaram mais de um gênero de parasitos. Ancylostoma spp. (7,1%) e Giardia spp. (5,5%) foram os mais frequentes helminto e protozoário, respectivamente. Ancylostoma spp. foi associado (p<0,05) com idade (> 1 ano), animais sem raça definida, sexo (macho) e a não utilização de anti-helmínticos. Cães < 1 ano e mestiços apresentaram associação com ocorrência de Toxocara canis e cães jovens com Giardia spp, Cryptosporidium spp. e Cystoisospora spp. Giardia spp. também apresentou associação com cães de raças definidas (p<0,05). Para todos os parasitas analisados a incidência diminuiu no último período analisado quando comparado aos anteriores.

Obstrucción intestinal por Ascaris lumbricoides en un adulto mayor / Intestinal obstruction due to Ascaris lumbricoides infection in a geriatric patient

Ascaris lumbricoides is considered the largest intestinal nematode with a higher incidence in the childhood, representing a truly medical and public health problem, principally in undeveloped countries. We present the case of an 83 year old man, born and coming from the amazon region, without any relevant previous history of disease, admitted in the emergency department of our hospital for presenting intestinal obstruction and also presumptive biliary obstruction due to multiple balls of parasites, requiring immediate surgical intervention. We emphasize the need of consider this etiologic possibility in the differential diagnosis, that in this particular case, wasn't suspected in the first place.

Ascaris lumbricoides es considerado el nemátodo intestinal de mayor tamaño. Se presenta con mayor frecuencia en la infancia, representando un verdadero problema médico y de salud pública, especialmente en países en vías de desarrollo. Presentamos el caso de un varón de 83 años, natural y procedente de la región amazónica del Perú, sin antecedentes médicos de relevancia, que ingresa a Servicio de urgencias de nuestro hospital por un cuadro de obstrucción intestinal y presunta obstrucción biliar, requiriendo una intervención quirúrgica inmediata. El diagnóstico final de obstrucción intestinal por la presencia de múltiples ovillos de Ascaris lumbricoides, no fue considerado dentro de los diagnósticos diferenciales previo al acto quirúrgico.